NATO is unlikely to follow U.S. President-elect Donald Trump’s proposal for a significant increase in defense spending but is expected to agree to go beyond its current target, according to officials and analysts.
Trump declared on Tuesday that members of the military alliance should spend 5% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on defense, a substantial increase from the current 2% goal. No NATO country, including the United States, currently meets this level.
Trump’s comments, made during a press conference that also covered topics such as Greenland, Canada, and Panama, highlighted his focus on NATO spending during his first term and his threats not to protect allies that fail to meet the target.
Officials from NATO countries agreed that defense spending needs to rise further but did not endorse the 5% figure, which analysts said would be politically and economically impossible for almost all members. It would require hundreds of billions of dollars in additional funding.
However, a new target is likely to be agreed upon at a NATO summit in The Hague in June, driven by fears that Russia may attack a NATO country after Ukraine and by Trump’s exhortations, officials said.
The key questions are what the new target will be and whether it will be enough to satisfy Trump. Some expect NATO’s 32 members to agree, after much negotiation, to a target of around 3% of GDP. But even that would be a stretch for many, who barely meet or fall short of the 2% goal now, a decade after it was set.
“It seems there will be a shift,” Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto told Reuters. “I don’t think it will be 5%, which would be impossible for almost every nation in the world right now but… it will not be two (percent), which we are already struggling to reach, but it will be more than two.”
Italy, with defense spending at around 1.5% of GDP, is among eight NATO members that do not meet the current target. Poland, which borders Ukraine, is the NATO member that spends the highest share of GDP on defense – 4.12% last year, alliance estimates show. It is followed by Estonia with 3.43% and the United States with 3.38%.
NATO estimated the combined defense spending of its members at $1.474 trillion in 2024, with around $968 billion from the United States and $507 billion from European nations and Canada. The overall average is about 2.71% of NATO GDP.
Some officials and analysts see Trump’s 5% suggestion as a deliberately high opening bid to kick off months of negotiations and expect he may settle for something closer to 3%.
During last year’s U.S. presidential election campaign, Trump proposed a 3% target, adding that this would mean a defense budget increase of about 30% for most NATO countries.
Spending Surge
Shocked by Russia’s war in Ukraine, many European countries have ramped up defense spending in recent years. However, with public finances tight and defense spending not politically popular in some countries, it would not be easy for governments to find the extra billions that even a move to spend 3% of GDP on defense would entail.
While Trump has likened NATO defense spending to alliance membership fees, they reflect budgets set by national governments.
Fenella McGerty, a defense economics expert at the International Institute for Strategic Studies think tank, said recent increases had been “remarkable” but it takes years for countries to start reaching new targets.
“Even if Europe were to continue that rate of quite extraordinary growth – in excess of 10% in real terms in 2024 – it would still take another 10 years to even get to 3% of GDP,” she said.
However, many European governments say the continent should do more to defend itself and rely less on the United States.
France and the Baltic states are pushing for joint European Union borrowing to fund defense spending. The outcome of that debate may depend on next month’s national election in Germany, which has so far opposed the idea.
To become more self-reliant, the European allies need to spend more to develop capabilities that the U.S. currently provides, such as air-to-air refueling, heavy-duty military air transport, and electronic warfare, said Camille Grand, who previously served as NATO’s top official for defense investment.
“All of these things cost a lot of money. Some of them are big-ticket items,” said Grand, now with the European Council on Foreign Relations think tank.
The current security environment suggests European countries should be spending about 3% of GDP on defense, she said.
Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann, chair of the European Parliament’s defense subcommittee, said Europe must ramp up spending but not fixate on an arbitrary figure.
“We need to mobilize a lot more money, but we shouldn’t let Trump drive us crazy,” she said.